Many hundreds of people have contributed to the columns of Tanzanian Affairs over the years. Sadly, many of them are no longer with us.

We would like to have presented, in this special issue, extracts from all of them but constraints of space and time make this impossible. We have also had to restrict the period covered for the same reasons. We decided that the earlier contributions, because of their historical significance, would be of the greatest interest, and the contributions mentioned below are all from the first fifty editions of TA. For those not seeing their contributions mentioned, we are sorry; but hope this will not discourage you from contributing again.

We can hardly thank enough all the people who have contributed, none of whom asked to be paid. Without them we must wonder whether TA would ever have existed.

I also feel privileged to have met so many of them and to have benefited from the wealth of knowledge and experience they have shared with us.
So, thank you again.
David Brewin (Editor).

Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere, whose name must have appeared in almost every edition of Tanzanian Affairs since the beginning (in 1975), paid tribute to TA in our 50th edition.

Graham Mytten contributed a regular digest of Tanzanian News in the 1970s.

John Arnold wrote on many subjects when he was the second editor of Tanzanian Affairs, in particular, on the ‘ideological war’ over villagisation in the eighties.

Roger Carter, co-founder of the Britain-Tanzania Society, wrote a regular column on the economy for many years.

David Leishman. The first of his many contributions was in 1978.

Jill Shankleman, FAO Advisor, reviewed Andrew Coulson’s article on agricultural policies in Tanzania in 1979 (followed by many other articles over the years).

Professor Reginald Green wrote several robust articles on Tanzania’s economy in the 1980s.

Ann Brumfit reviewed an article on language development in 1981.

Martha Honey reviewed a BBC broadcast on the controversial Preventive Detention Act in 1982.

Peter White of the Polytechnic of Central London wrote on the bus and coach industry.

The Right Rev George Biggs, who was a missionary priest (mostly in Masasi) from 1937 to 1973, gave his impressions on returning to Tanzania after many years as Bishop of the Seychelles.

In July 1982 Ruth Carr reviewed a book comparing Tanzanian and Mozambican policies on rural development and came down heavily in favour of the latter.

N M Mulokozi of the Institute of Kiswahili Research in Dar University was full of praise for the two-volume novel by Aniceti Kitereza on peasant life in Ukerewe in pre-colonial times.

Professor C K Omari of Dar University wrote on the interaction of religion and society in 1983.

Philip Raikes contributed a comprehensive piece on the history of coffee in Tanzania in 1984.

President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia, Bishop Trevor Huddleston and Sir Shridath Ramphal, former Commonwealth Secretary General, paid tribute to Mwalimu Nyerere on his retirement in edition no. 22.

Peter Yeo contributed several articles on the co-operative movement in Tanzania over the years.

Professor G R V Omari, Vice- Chancellor, Sokoine University of Agriculture, was a constructive critic of Tanzanian Affairs in the 1980s.

Peter Chonja reviewed the report of the Presidential Commission on Education in 1986.

Christine Lawrence, a pillar of support over many years, together with a friend, Shirin Spencer, reviewed a performance in London by actors, singers and dancers from the Bagamoyo College of Art. Described as a fusion of Tanzanian and British traditional music with jazz, rock and pure drumming (plus the ‘Tanzanian Tango’), the production was titled ‘Nutcracker – A Village Party’.

Professor Juma Ngassongwa, who was later to become a Cabinet Minister for many years, contributed an analysis of ‘Peasant Farming in the time of President Nyerere’ to a 16-page supplement on agriculture in edition no. 24.

Sir Roger Swynnerton, President of the Tropical Agricultural Association, wrote an obituary in 1987 on George Lock, who from 1930 to 1959 had devoted his agricultural service in Tanganyika to sisal research, the development of sisal crop husbandry and the improvement of sisal fibre processing at a time when the country was the biggest producer of sisal in the world.

In 1987 S A V Bowman wrote a letter to the editor in which he said that “Tanzanian politics, evidently the main preoccupation of the Bulletin (as it was then known) are, to me, the least interesting aspects of the country….”.

In 1989, James S Read, Professor of Comparative Law in London University (and later Senior Lecturer in Law at Dar es Salaam University College), a frequent contributor, wrote an article on ‘Justice in Tanzania – Lessons for England’.

Reviewing in 1989 a highly critical article on a World Bank Urban Shelter Project, Dr Carole Rakodi, at that time a Lecturer in Town Planning at the University of Wales, pointed out that the author was wrong to treat the Bank as a scapegoat and had ignored mismanagement in Tanzania (for example, the abolition of local government) and class tensions within the local population.

Mrs Keiko Collins, a book translator, and Mrs Midori Uno of NHK Radio Japan, contributed two articles (‘Tanzania and Japan’ and ‘Tanzania and I’) in edition no. 33 which explained how wrong Mrs Uno had found Japanese preconceptions about Tanzania to be when she went there as a volunteer and how there had been, since 1978, a Japan -Tanzania Association whose membership included three former Japanese ambassadors in Dar es Salaam.

Basil Hoare, a consultant in agricultural extension and training and a former staff member of the FAO in Rome, contributed frequently to TA.

T C E Congdon, Estates Director of Brooke Bond Tanzania Ltd wrote in 1989 an unusual and amusing analysis of the flora and fauna of a golf course, under the title ‘Nine holes in Mufindi’.

Mrs Eirlys Park, at one time a local correspondent to ‘The East African’ and the ‘Tanzania Standard’, wrote in no. 34 about the large collection of Makonde sculpture, built up by the Maides family, then living in Arusha.

Dr Mark Horton, the well known TV archaeologist who has done a great deal of work in Tanzania, first contributed to TA in 1990.

Dr Noel Thomas, Principal of the Teacher Training College in Swaziland, who has contributed many times to TA, reviewed an article on ‘Education and Culture of Tanzanian Teachers’ in no. 35.

In 1990 ‘A History of Leprosy in Tanzania’ was reviewed by Dr Peter Christie, a consultant paediatrician who advised on family planning in Tanzania.

Dr James Scullion wrote about ‘Grassroots Strategies in the Fisheries Industry’ in no. 36.

Dr Per Eklund, a Swedish researcher/consultant on rural development, wrote about population pressure and fertilizer policy in no. 36.

Dr Deborah Bryceson wrote on famine in East Africa in no. 37.

Geoffrey Wilkinson served in the Agricultural Department in Zanzibar from 1948 to 1954. In TA no. 41 he reviewed ‘Just Your Cup of Tea’ a collection of stories about the early years of tea development at Mufindi.

Sir James Farquharson, the former head of the East African Railways, wrote in no. 42 (a special issue called Mageuzi at the start of multi-party politics in Tanzania) on the discussions with the World Bank on the proposed Tanzania/Zambia Railway before the Chinese offered to construct it.

Judith Holland organised, very effectively, many seminars and other gatherings for the Britain Tanzania Society for several years.

In no. 43 in 1992 John Leonhardt, a biologist, wrote a review of a BBC programme, ‘Mpingo: The Tree that Makes Music’, whose wood was described as the only material from which you could make clarinets.

In no. 44 Cheridah Coppard, who described herself as ‘an amateur bird watcher’ reviewed an article by the International Council for Bird Preservation.

Those interested in the traditional musical instruments of Tanzania enjoyed the review of a book on the subject in 1993 by John Brearly, then an ethnomusicology student.

‘Suddenly, with a speed I did not believe possible for a beast of such vast, barrel-like proportions, a hippopotamus rose beneath us’. So began an exciting article in No. 46 by Ben Freeth, who described himself as a sky jumper.

In 1993 Professor Gelase Mutahaba, then Director of the Administration Division of the Commonwealth Secretariat, wrote a review of a comparative study of Public Sector Personnel Management in three African countries, including Tanzania.

Bevan Waide, then Advisor to the Parastatal Reform Commission, wrote in no. 49 a critical review of a study of state enterprises in Tanzania following nationalisation. There had been many problems but also many constructive initiatives He concluded that policy towards the parastatal system had changed as dramatically and almost as rapidly in Tanzania as similar policies in Hungary or Poland, but without a change in the ruling party.

Well- known Law Professor Issa Shivji made available to us in no. 50 an interview he had given to Haramata on the report of the Presidential Commission of Inquiry into Land Matters.

Chief Justice Francis Nyalali gave a wide-ranging and revealing speech at SOAS in 1994 which described how the functions and power of the judiciary had changed substantially during the early years of independence. It was published in TA.

Dr Margaret Snyder, founding director of the UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), whose first book (written with Mary Tadesse) was ‘African Women and Development’, reviewed a controversial book about Ukimwi (AIDS) in 1993.

The first experiment to put Tanzanian Affairs online was in May 2007 (Issue 87), using free blogging software called WordPress having obtained site www.tzaffairs.org. As well as adding each new issue since then, I have slowly worked through the back issues scanning, tidying up and uploading the text to the website, so now there is a complete record from Issue 21 (July 1985) onwards. Visitors can search for a keyword, or view a particular issue by selecting it from the “Category” drop down box, or choose by date using the “Archives by Date” box.

A graph of pages served by the website shows a steady growth in visits as more and more content has been added to the site. Many of these “visits” are by automated web-bots such as Google, so the numbers should be taken with a large pinch of salt.

Recently, however, new software from Google has allowed us to monitor visitors more accurately, and it was a pleasant surprise to see that in the three months since Issue 99 was issued, 9,768 people have visited the site from some 158 countries. Even more encouraging is the number of visitors from Tanzania – making up 32% of visitors, with USA (16%) and UK (11%) making up the top three countries. It would be wrong to think that all these visits were from people keen to read in-depth articles, and indeed some of them may have visited by accident or just to see a photo, but it is nevertheless evidence that Tanzanian Affairs is reaching a wider audience.

The task remains to get issues 1 to 20 online – for this we need a volunteer able to take the issues from David Brewin in London, scan them at high resolution (600dpi) and then transfer the files to me here in Botswana using ftp (or CD). Please contact me at jacob{AT}kwangu{DOT}com if able to assist.
Jacob Knight

The Guardian on Sunday has published a detailed analysis of the lucrative hunting industry following moves to implement the Wildlife Conservation Act of 2009 which, amongst other things, limits the number of hunters and forces foreign firms to give 25% of their shareholdings to Tanzanians. Foreign-owned companies allocated hunting blocs should not exceed 15% of the total hunting companies at any particular time. Thus only nine foreign hunting firms out of 27 will be allocated hunting blocs for the period 2013 to 2018, out of the 65 which applied.

Some observers fear that if 18 major firms are forced to leave Tanzania, over 5,000 Tanzanians might lose their jobs, with the Treasury likely to suffer a loss of nearly $15 million in tourism-related taxes annually.

A Tumaini University lecturer in Wildlife, Corporate, and Land Laws, Nyaga Mawalla, said the WC Act was contravening the investment guarantees offered to investors under the Tanzania Investment Act of 1997 and the Constitution of the United Republic. “The Constitution’s Bill of Rights provides that all persons are equal before the law and are entitled, without any discrimination, to protection and equality before the law,” Mawalla stated and added, “The Wildlife Conservation Act No. 5 of 2009, favouring hunting firms owned by a majority of Tanzanians, was discriminating against those Tanzanians who had purchased 25% of the shares from the foreign firms”.

Government’s position
The spokesperson of the Natural Resources and Tourism Ministry Matiko Mwita, said that arguments with regard to a bad law were supposed to be raised during the enactment of that law and not now. “Why [are] these people criticising the Wildlife Conservation Act this time around when we are in the process of allocating hunting blocks?” he asked. His ministry was not responsible for making laws. A ministry spokesman said that he was only implementing the laws, regardless of whether they were good or bad.

Under new tourist hunting rules, Tanzania is increasing the cost of licence fees for prime hunting blocks from $27,000 to $60,000 a year. The revised guidelines also categorize the hunting blocks into five depending on the type and number of animals to be hunted.

Egypt’s control over the Nile waters came to an end late in May when, at a ceremony in Kampala, six countries (Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda) ratified a ‘Cooperation Framework Agreement’ (CFA) that repeals the colonial treaty of 1929. The World Bank Trust which manages the resources of the Nile Basin, had been blocking development projects along the river outside Egypt and Sudan because the existing ‘Nile Basin Initiative’ lacked a legal basis which the new CFA now provides – East African.

Without waiting for the new agreement Tanzania has already tapped the waters of the Nile by pumping water to Shinyanga and Kahama. It is now planning a new project to take water to a population of 420,000 people in Tabora Region.

Tanzania’s population growth rate of 2.9% is just 4 points below the highest rate of growth in the world according to Mr Samwel Msokwa, the UNFPA Programme Specialist on Population and Development, interviewed in the Daily News. But, it is set to go down in 2012. The expert said that this was likely to be viewed as a positive development by analysts. Time and again the government had been worried over the country’s population growth trend, saying it created high rates of unemployment if it is not matched with economic growth.

Tanzania’s Director of Programmes at UMATI, Mr Simon Mbele, hailed the development, saying that the high population growth rates remained a major challenge to government’s efforts to reduce poverty and provide adequate social services. He said the major concern, according to their statistics, was that the increase in the number of people was not reflecting a proportionate growth of the economy. Mr Mbele noted that it had been argued in some circles that such population growth is good for the country and that it creates large markets and therefore positively contributes to growth and development. On the contrary, he said that for population growth to be productive, it should have a demographic dividend. “A demographic dividend is a situation where the people in a country possess high productive skills that create both domestic and international competitiveness.” he said.

The country has carried out four post independence censuses including 1967, 1978, 1988, 2002 and the fifth is set for next year.

Tanzania and other African Union (AU) members called in July for an immediate ceasefire and resumption of peace talks between the Libyan government and rebels. Foreign Affairs Minister Bernard Mwembe said: “We, as Tanzanians, are saddened by what the Libyan people are going through. We support the declaration to protect the lives of the people and we are calling on NATO to cease fire” – Majira.

The case brings to mind the events of 1978 when Tanzania was at war with Uganda. Told by Ugandan President Iddi Amin Dada that this was a war against ‘the enemies of Islam’ Colonel Gaddafi sent thousands of Libyan troops to beat back the invading Tanzanians. But, according to eye witnesses, many were mown down like flies and were buried in Uganda. Gaddafi offered to pay huge sums for the return home of the others who had surrendered, but Mwalimu Nyerere refused the money saying that Tanzania did not trade in human beings. They were returned as soon as the war was over.

Wipro Services, an Indian software firm, and Knowledge@Wharton, the online research and business analysis journal of the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, recently launched their second annual ‘Innovation Tournament’. It challenged innovators from around the world to compete for a total of $40,000 in cash prizes. From some 160 submissions, forty four teams made it to the semi-finals and were asked to submit video presentations. From those, the top fourteen entrants were invited to Philadelphia in April to present their ideas to a panel of judges made up of academics and industry leaders.

The Grand Prize went to EGG-energy (Engineering Global Growth) for their battery-swapping service in Tanzania. ‘About 500 million people in Africa live without access to electricity. In Tanzania, 90% of the population has no electricity even though 80% live within three miles of the grid. High grid connection fees and lack of infrastructure funding make access difficult. So, to power lights and charge small devices like cell phones, most low-income households in Tanzania rely on kerosene, AA batteries or even car batteries – methods that can be expensive, dangerous and bad for the environment.’

EGG-energy has offered a solution to Tanzania’s electricity shortage by offering clean, rechargeable 12-volt batteries that households can rent for an annual subscription fee. The batteries, about the size of a brick, are enough to power the typical Tanzanian household for about a week. “We install our customers’ home electrical system, we charge the batteries, we swap batteries and we distribute batteries to swapping stations for more distant customers,” explains Rhonda Jordan a company representative.

The company also offers complementary appliances including light bulbs, cell phone chargers and radio adapters. Over time, customers save up to 53% in energy costs. So far, the small for-profit company has brought electricity to 2,000 people with a single charging station and eight employees. The goal by 2015 is to have 9,000 customers and $7.2 million in revenue. Thank you Susan Fennell for this – Editor

Famine
The government has banned the export of food for six months in response to the famine that has hit 42 districts in 16 regions. The regions affected and the number of most seriously affected districts are Arusha (7), Dar es Salaam (3), Dodoma (1), Iringa (2), Kagera (2), Kilimanjaro (5), Manyara (2), Mara (4), Mbeya (1) Mtwara (1), Mwanza (5), Coast (2), Shinyanga (7), Singida (2), Tabora (3) and Tanga (1). A total of 115,000 tonnes of cereals in the Strategic Grain Reserve were to be transferred from Rukwa and Ruvuma regions to famine-ravaged areas – The Citizen.

Work permits
The government has raised work and residence permit fees for foreign workers by between 25 and 300 per cent. The new class ‘A’ permits for big companies, industries, fisheries, mining and transport have gone up from $1,600 to $2,000. Class ‘B’ permits for expatriates have jumped from $600 to $1,500. Class ‘C’ permits for missionaries, researchers and students are up from $120 to $500. Visitors’ passes are $200 and re-entry passes $50 – The Citizen.

Conquering Kilimanjaro Quickly
A 42-year-old Russian-American investor in Mwanza, Igor Kucherenko, has set a record by ascending and descending Mount Kilimanjaro within 35 hours. The normal time is six to eight days. It is the third time he has climbed the mountain.

Disturbances in Mara Region
There were serious disturbances in Mara Region in May when some 800 invaders armed with machetes, rocks and hammers entered North Mara’s African Barrick Gold Mine and seven people were killed. This was the third attack on the mine but previously security personnel and police had managed to keep the invaders at bay. The invaders had been trying to steal gold ore from the site. In late July, at the company’s AGM, it was announced that company profits had increased by 25% to $245 million – The Times.

Ban on animal exports
Three cheetahs were intercepted in Arusha in May just as they were about to be smuggled outside the country. They have now been fitted with satellite collars for future tracking and have been released into Tarangire National Park – Daily News.

On August 19 the government announced a ban on the export of wild animals ‘until the current regulations can be reviewed.’ Prime Minister Pinda took the decision after a number of MPs from both main parties in parliament had condemned widespread corruption in the industry. Among the accusations made, one concerned an incident in which live wild animals worth millions of shillings were transported abroad via a Qatar Airline cargo plane from the Kilimanjaro International Airport. “The aim of this decision is to give ourselves time to review current procedures so that this trade becomes beneficial to our country,” the PM said. The House passed the budget estimates for the Ministry of Tourism and Natural Resources, after the Director of Wildlife left his position pending further investigations – Majira.

High Profile Visits

The Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh was a visitor to Tanzania in May, when he signed three bilateral agreements with President Kikwete, including $180 million credit for water supply projects in Dar-es-Salaam and providing doctors and training for a 300 bed “super specialty” hospital in Dar-es-Salaam to be built with assistance from the Chinese. The hospital will be located at the University of Dar es Salaam site and will specialise in treatment of heart disease and cancer.

In June, Hilary Clinton (US Secretary of State) also visited Tanzania, and was in country when US authorities confirmed the death of Fazul Abdullah Mohammed, one of al-Qaida’s leaders thought to be the mastermind behind the Kenya and Tanzania embassy attacks in 1998. Tanzania has been chosen as one of only four countries (with Ghana, El Salvador and the Philippines) for President Obama’s new ‘Partnership for Growth’ initiative. The US is also to assist Tanzania in training of the navy to help reduce the threat of piracy in the region.

Football News
Tanzanians were hugely excited when their under 23 team (who had already beaten Cameroon), beat a powerful Nigerian side 1-0 in Dar-es-Salaam in June. However, the Nigerians won the away tie 3-0 after the Vijana Star’s goalkeeper Seif Juma had to be substituted by Jackson Wabdwi after sustaining an injury, and thus ended the Tanzanian team’s dream of qualification for the London Olympics.

Railways – RITES Leaves
After the prolonged struggle between the government and RITES (the Indian company which had been running Tanzania Railways Limited (TRL) since October 2007), RITES personnel left for home in July. The Railway Trade Union claimed a victory and said that the company had been underperforming with sporadic industrial strikes. Before privatisation, TRL had had 1,800 cargo wagons. Now it had only 600 – The Citizen.

Forget about politics! Forget about football! Forget about corruption! One topic above all has dominated conversations in Tanzania during recent weeks – the tens of thousands of people who have been flocking to Samunge village, Loliondo in Arusha Region to try a ‘miracle’ cure’ being dispensed there by retired 76-year old Evangelical Lutheran Pastor Ambilikile Masapila.

The whole thing can only be described as extraordinary. For example:

So many people have gone to the village that shortage of food and water initially sent prices soaring. A 1.5-litre bottle of water was selling at between TShs 4,000 and 5,000.

Thousands of patients have been stuck in 25-km traffic jams on the road.

The Pastor said that the cure was revealed to him by God. It heals all chronic diseases like HIV/Aids, cancer, hypertension, diabetes, asthma, and many others.

Its dosage is only one 250 millilitre cup made by boiling mugariga treeroots.

Quote from a visitor to the area: “Even if you have something to cook, there is no water or firewood for cooking, making life in this area very difficult. Taking a motorcycle from here to a source of tapped water is 15,000/-. But, by God’s grace, I’ll survive until I get a cup of the ‘miracle concoction…..As you see there are no toilets, no bathrooms. The government should help to put up these structures…..The road to and from Masapila’s clinic is single lane and slippery, unable to allow a faster traffic flow.”

Quote: “The tourist industry can see Loliondo becoming the centre of a big tourist attraction.”

The Citizen asked people why Loliondo had become so popular. It received many responses in writing and on line. Extracts:

“No wonder we Tanzanians are ranked as the most superstitious people in the world. You can see even national leaders openly going for the magical healing. I can see very little reasoning here.”

”This is not about the medicine. It is the sacrament, if you know the ABCs of Christianity. It is the faith in Christ that gives the concoction the healing power.”

”Loliondo has become a crowd puller because the concoction is effective. Now the government should put in place the requisite infrastructure and amenities to ease problems such as accommodation, water, roads, etc.”

”Babu Mwasapile has become an instant hit mostly because of the power of the word of mouth……With many of those who have been able to drink the ‘medicine’ claiming to have had relief or to have been wholly cured, the treatment has spread like a bushfire in the Sahara desert.”

”This is a good indication of the failure of the national health system, which is not only wanting in terms of facilities and personnel, but also ridden with corruption and red tape. To me, the experience is also a good sign of how sick our nation is physically, clinically and emotionally.”

“Has the Tanzania Revenue Authority been to Babu’s place? The old man is minting millions in tax-free income!”

The former Pastor admitted that he was overwhelmed by the huge turnout of people from all corners of Tanzania and neighbouring countries. But he told reporters that he was ready and able to dispense his liquid concoction of herbs in person to everyone turning up for healing “as directed by God”. He had been touched by the unfolding humanitarian catastrophe that had led to deaths of sick people collapsing while queuing to reach him. By April the death toll had reached seventy-eight.

Patients pay 500 Tanzanian shillings – about $0.33 – for one cup.

Among those seeking the cure were several public figures – including government ministers. One of the patients was said to be the wife of the President of the Congo. Politicians were said to be using the cure with many spending large amounts of money to arrange transport for their constituents to Loliondo. “I have set aside Sh 12 million to arrange transport for 200 of my constituents admitted Arusha MP (Chadema), Godbless Lema – Majira.

It is safe but…
In March, a team of experts drawn from the Chief Government Chemist, the Tanzania Drugs and Food Authority, the National Institute for Medical Research and the Muhimbili National Hospital endorsed the herb as safe for human consumption. “Yes, the herb has been cleared, it is not toxic, but that does not guarantee its potency on the myriad diseases it is said to cure,” said one expert. “It will take long, perhaps many months or years to come to a scientific conclusion.”

In March Prime Minister Mizengo Pinda promised to supply tents and build a dispensary in the village to treat patients needing medication before or after getting the herbal drink – Guardian.

Big increase in hunting fees
Tourist hunters will have to dig deeper into their pockets following the government’s decision to increase the permit fee for its hunting blocks from $27,000 to $60,000 for category I. Minister for Natural Resources and Tourism Ezekiel Maige said that the government had responded to the public outcry by increasing the number of hunting blocks from 158 to 190 and had also categorised the blocks into five depending on the type and number of animals to be hunted. He said Tanzanian applicants are required to produce a bank bond of guarantee to the tune of at least $300,000 and for a foreign owned hunting company a bank bond of $1,000,000 is required.

Experts have predicted that the Tanzania hunting sector could earn some $ 53 million annually – a dramatic increase from the present earnings of $ 20 million This would bring the sector closer to being one of the country’s largest foreign exchange earners.

But no animals!
According to the Sunday News, some 21 of the professional hunters issued with permits under the new regulations have decided to hand their permits back because of the lack of animals in the areas covered. The Minister of Tourism suspects that, apart from ordinary migrations of the animals, poachers may be responsible. The government would step up its efforts to control this he said.